Which type of insects are referred to as subsurface feeders?

Subsurface feeders are specifically classified as insects that feed below the soil surface, particularly in the soil and thatch layers where they can access roots and organic matter. This feeding behavior is characteristic of insects such as white grubs, which belong to beetles' larvae and thrive in these subterranean environments. Their feeding patterns can cause significant damage to the root system of grass, leading to poor turf health and vigor.

In contrast, the other options refer to insects that target different parts of the plant or live in different habitats. Insects that primarily feed on leaves and insects that feed on grass blades are above-ground feeders that directly impact the foliage, which is a different feeding strategy. Additionally, insects that live above the soil do not interact with the subsurface areas where root and soil damage occurs, further distinguishing them from subsurface feeders like white grubs. This distinction is essential for effective pest management in turfgrass settings.