Which type of insects are referred to as subsurface feeders?

Subsurface feeders are specifically defined by their feeding habits and habitats, which involve consuming organic materials in the soil and thatch layers rather than directly interacting with exposed plant parts like leaves or grass blades. Insects such as white grubs fall under this category as they develop beneath the surface, feeding on roots and decaying organic matter in the soil. This behavior is significant for turf management because their feeding can lead to substantial damage in lawns, as they disrupt root systems and hinder the plant's ability to absorb water and nutrients.

The other options focus on insects that don’t have the same feeding behavior, as they primarily target above-ground plant parts like leaves or grass blades. Therefore, recognizing subsurface feeders is key in understanding and managing pest impacts on cool-season turfgrass.